Cellular Studies

All cellular studies using vitamins (C, A, K, E, D, B6, B12), beta-carotene, minerals (selenium), or cysteine as single agents or in combination given concomitantly with chemotherapy, or tamoxifen, or interferon alpha-2b, or radiation, or combinations of these modalities show the same effect: in-creased tumor killing and increased protec-tion of the normal tissues.^46-65

Human Studies

In human studies, vitamin E reduced the toxicity without affecting the cancer-killing performance of 13-cis-retinoic acid, used in the treatment of patients with head and neck, skin, and lung cancers.⁶⁶ Vitamin E also reduced the toxicity of adriamycin and did not interfere with the cancer kill-ing ability of adriamycin^.22,23,67 At 1,600 IU of vitamin E per day, hair loss in patients re-ceiving chemotherapy was reduced from the expected 30-90%.⁶⁸ Treating 190 head and neck cancer patients with vitamin A, 5FU, and radiation resulted in more-than-ex-pected tumor killing while preserving nor-mal tissue.⁶⁹ Vitamin A combined with chemotherapy for postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancers significantly increased the complete response rate.⁷⁰ In thirteen patients with different cancers re-ceiving 42 different chemotherapies, vita-min K decreased tumor resistance.⁷¹ Vitamin B6 at 300 milligrams per day decreased radiation therapy toxicity.⁷² In twenty pa-tients receiving chemotherapy with vita-mins A, C, and E, there was a greater re-sponse rate.⁷³ Glutathione, part of the sele-nium complex, protected 150 women with ovarian cancer against cisplatin toxicity with no loss of anticancer effects as shown in double-blind studies at nine British on-cology centers. In fact, more women treated with glutathione had an objective response (73% vs. 62%) and completed more cycles of cisplatin (58% vs. 39%) than those who were not so treated.⁷⁴ Studies show that amifostine (WR-2721), an antioxidant, pro-tects against the harmful side effects of chemotherapy and radiation without the loss of antitumor activity.^75-86

An increase in survival for cancer pa-tients, which is uncommon with any treat-ment, has been shown using antioxidants combined with chemotherapy or radiation. In fact, eleven patients who were given beta-carotene and anthaxanthin while un-dergoing surgery, chemotherapy and radia-tion lived longer with an increase in dis-ease-free intervals.⁸⁷ Antioxidant treatment with chemotherapy and radiation pro-longed survival for patients with small cell lung cancer compared with patients who did not receive antioxidants.^87,88

The effects of one chemotherapeutic agent, methotrexate, can be reversed with folinic acid, which is an analog of the vita-min folic acid. Folic acid itself does not re-verse methotrexate’s effects.^89,90 In order to reverse the effects of methotrexate, folinic acid must be prescribed in high doses.

Studies of supplements all show that vitamins and minerals do not interfere with the antitumor effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In fact, on the contrary, some vitamins and minerals used in con-junction with chemotherapy and/or radia-tion therapy have been shown to potentiate the destruction of cancer cells and also protect normal tissue.

Lifestyle modification to augment oncology care

Using Quality of Life Scales, fifty pa-tients with early staged breast cancer evalu-ated treatment side effects of radiation and/or chemotherapy while taking thera-peutic doses of nutrients.^91,92 Quality of Life Scales are an acceptable way of evaluating any treatment or side effect not by the phy-sician, but rather by the patient. The pa-tient decides whether the treatment is ben-eficial or not in terms of side effects in-curred. These scales have been successfully used to evaluate treatments for cardiovas-cular disease, cancer, and other chronic ill-nesses.^93-102

The scoring system for the Quality of Life Scales is simple. The patient decides if the nutrients used during the radiation and/ or chemotherapy treatments has improved, worsened, or has made no change in her life during the treatment period. The qualities of life tested were: physical symptoms, per-formance, general well being, cognitive abili-ties, sexual dysfunction, and life satisfaction. Fifty consecutive patients with early staged infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast were treated with lumpectomy (re-excisional lumpectomy if indicated), axil-lary node dissection, and radiation therapy. Depending upon the nodal status, chemo-therapy was used. In Group I, twenty-five women with T1 or T2, N0, M0 were treated with primary radiation therapy, receiving 4500 cCy to the whole breast, and a total dose of 6000 cGy to the tumor bed. In Group II, twenty-five patients with T1 or T2, N1, MO were treated with primary ra-diation therapy to the same doses as with Group I and also received modified CMF chemotherapy consisting of cytoxan and 5-FU (methotrexate was omitted until radia-tion was completed). A total of six cycles of this modified regimen was given. Each pa-tient was instructed to follow the pertinent aspects of the Simone Ten-Point Plan as an adjunct to treatment. These points are:

1. Nutrition. Maintain an ideal weight—lose even five or seven pounds if needed. Low-fat (about 20 percent of calories), high-fiber (25 gm) diet. Eliminate salt, food additives, and caffeine. Nutrients taken 30 to 60 min-utes before oncological therapy: beta-carotene 30 mg vitamin A 5000 IU vitamin D 400 IU vitamin E 400 IU vitamin C 350 mg folic acid 400 mcg vitamin B1 10 mg vitamin B2 10 mg niacinamide 40 mg vitamin B6 10 mg vitamin B12 18 mcg biotin 150 mcg pantothenic acid 20 mg iodine 150 mcg copper 3 mg zinc 15 mg potassium 30 mg selenium (organic) 200 mcg chromium (organic) 125 mcg manganese 2.5 mg molybdenum 50 mcg inositol 10 mg L-cysteine 20 mg

In addition, the women took the fol-lowing at bedtime: calcium carbonate 1000 mg magnesium 280 mg potassium bicarbonate 100 mg boron 2 mg l-lysine 2 mg l-threonine 2 mg silicon 2 mg.

1. Tobacco. Do not smoke, chew, snuff, or inhale other’s smoke.

2. Alcohol. Avoid all alcohol.

3. Radiation. Avoid unnecessary x-rays; sunscreens to be used. Avoid electromag-netic fields.

4. Environment. Keep air, water, and work place clean.

5. Hormones, Drugs. Avoid all estrogens and unnecessary drugs.

6. Know the seven warning signs of can-cer: lump in breast; non-healing sore; change in wart/mole; change in bowel or bladder habits; persistant cough or hoarse-ness; indigestion or trouble swallowing; unusual bleeding.

7. Exercise

8. Stress modification, spirituality, and sexuality.

9. Have executive physical annually.

Table 1 (p.200) presents the responses of the fifty patients. Most patients indicated improvement, a few indicated no change,

and none indicated worsening. This study demonstrates that patients who followed the Ten-Point Plan and used certain vitamins and minerals had few side effects from chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

The Hoffer-Pauling Study

Researchers Hoffer and Pauling asked whether therapeutic nutrition helped cancer patients.¹⁰³ All 129 cancer patients in their study were to follow a low-fat diet supple-mented with therapeutic doses of vitamins C, E, A, niacin, and a multiple vitamin/min-eral supplement, in addition to following the advice and treatment of traditional oncology care. Those who did not follow nutritional modification (31 patients) lived an average of six months less. The other 98 patients fell into three categories: 32 patients with breast, ovar-ian, cervix, and uterus cancer had an average life span of over 10 years; 47 patients who had leukemia, lung, liver, and pancreas cancer had an average life span of over six years; and 19 patients with end-stage terminal cancer lived an average of 10 months.

Other Clinical Studies

Patients who undergo conventional oncology therapy generally live longer and/ or have a lower recurrence rate if they modify their lifestyle, which includes diet changes, nutrient supplementation, and other lifestyle changes.^104-109

The effect of vegetable consumption was examined over a period of six years in 675 patients with lung cancer. Those who lived longer ate more vegetables.¹⁰⁴ In an-other study, 200 patients who made signifi-cant dietary changes, experienced regres-sion of their cancers without conventional treatment: 87 percent changed their diet dramatically to mainly vegetables, fruits, and whole grains; 65 percent consumed nutrient supplements; and 55 percent used a detoxification method.¹⁰⁵

The effect of eating a macrobiotic diet on survival was studied in 1490 patients with pancreas cancer and 18 patients with prostate cancer.¹⁰⁶ Twenty-three matched patients with pancreas cancer changed to a macrobiotic diet and 12 (52%) were alive after one year; 1467 continued their high-fat, low-fiber diet and of these, 146 (10%) were alive after one year. Similarly, nine patients with prostate cancer who ate a macrobiotic diet were matched to nine patients with prostate cancer who ate their “normal” high-fat diet. Those eating the macrobiotic diet lived longer (median sur-vival 228 months) than those who did not (median survival 45 months).

Tumor recurrence rate was decreased by 50 percent in patients with transitional cell bladder cancer who took higher than Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) doses of certain vitamins compared to matched controls taking RDI doses.¹⁰⁸ Sixty-five matched patients were randomized into two groups. The first group took a vitamin supplement providing the RDI doses, and the second group took that plus 40,000 IU vitamin A, 100 mg vitamin B6, 2000 mg vi-tamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, and 90 mg zinc. Tumor recurrence at 10 months was 80 percent in the first group (RDI supplement only) and 40 percent in the second group (RDI supplement plus the extra higher doses). The projected recurrence rate at 5 years was 91 percent for the controls and 41 percent for the second group taking the higher doses.

And finally, an increased survival was demonstrated for patients with small cell lung cancer who received antioxidants con-comitantly with chemotherapy and radia-tion therapy compared to matched controls who did not receive the antioxidants.¹⁰⁹

It has also been found that patients who undergo chemotherapy develop lower serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and minerals.^110,111 The decreased levels of these antioxidants result from lipid peroxidation.

Japanese Experience

The older generation of Japanese women rarely get breast cancer, but when these women do, they live longer than American women, stage for stage,^112-119 because of only two reasons: (1) they are less obese, and (2) they eat a low-fat, high-fiber diet with vitamins and minerals. This is not necessarily true for younger Japanese women who have now adopted a more Western culture and diet.¹¹⁵

Obese breast cancer patients have a greater chance of early recurrence and a shorter life span compared to non-obese patients.^120-124 And breast cancer patients who have a high-fat intake and an high serum cholesterol also have a shorter life span than patients with normal or low-fat intake and low serum cholesterol.¹²⁵ Fat can initiate and also promote a cancer, espe-cially a dietary cancer like breast cancer. If cholesterol intake is dramatically limited, cancer cell growth is severely inhibited.¹²⁶

U.S. National Cancer Institute Effort

Armed with this information, the US National Cancer Institute, National Insti-tutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland con-ducted a research protocol in the mid 1980s to see if a low-fat diet would increase the life span of breast cancer patients. However, in January 1988, after only a brief time and an expenditure of about $90 million, the Board of Scientific Counselors of NCI’s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control decided to end the proposed ten year study because: (1) physicians did not “believe” that there was a relationship between breast cancer and fat or other nutritional factors and, subsequently, did not refer patients to the study; and (2) once a woman was enrolled in the protocol, she subse-quently “failed out” because she did not want to give up pizza, ice cream, and other high-fat foods. In 1991, NCI decided to try, in the near future, another low-fat cancer study in women aged 45 and 69.

Conclusion

Many of the nutrients used in the above studies are antioxidants. Antioxi-dants neutralize free radicals. Most cancer modalities exert their cancer killing effects by generating free radicals. Therefore it would seem inconsistent that these nutri-ents can help the cancer patient. However, in vitro and in vivo studies, including many clinical studies have repeatedly shown that certain vitamins and minerals can enhance the killing capabilities of cancer therapeu-tic modalities while at the same time can protect normal tissues and decrease side effects from these modalities.

Cancer cells accumulate excessive amounts of antioxidants due to a loss of the homeostasis control mechanism for the up-take of these nutrients. Normal cells do not have this membrane defect and do not accu-mulate large amounts of antioxidants. It has been postulated¹²⁷ that the accumulation of excessive nutrients in cancer cells can:

1. Shut down the oxidative reactions nec-essary for generating energy.

2. Inhibit protein kinase C activity¹²⁸ = which normally increases cell division and increases cell proliferation.

3. Inhibit oncogene expression.^129,130

4. Increase the amount of growth inhibi-tory growth factors.¹³¹

With higher levels of cancer intracel-lular accumulation of nutrients, more of these cellular alterations occur. These changes can lead to a higher rate of cancer cell death, and a reduction in the rate of cell proliferation and induction of differ-entiation. These acquired changes of can-cer cells due to high doses of nutrients ac-tually override any protective action that antioxidants have against free radical dam-age on cancer cells.

Cancer patients should alter their life-styles (Ten Point Plan), which includes modifying nutritional factors and taking certain vitamins and minerals in doses outlined, especially if they receive chemo-therapy and/or radiation.

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