His family was described as "solid members of the community", none of whom demonstrated any known signs of anti-social behavior. His father worked for many years as a county employee, from which he is now retired. His sisters, brother, and mother have all led normal lives as far as could be determined.

Early Life History - Part II

A police background investigation contacted people who remembered him as a child and teenager. Some of those questioned who were outside the immediate family described him as "...not too bright ... different acting...kind of strange...a loner ...aggressive...angry...a very strange person ...quick-tempered...always in trouble... defiant...known for fast mood changes..." Relatives remembered him as subject to "...mood changes, fast and quick, a loner who exaggerated things and lied sometimes..."

His first wife who said he did not treat her poorly said he was "...a quiet person, (who) never seemed to have friends, (and) always seemed to be getting hurt at work and getting laid off or fired."

His second wife, who was with him after his return from military service in Vietnam, described him as "...quiet, polite, no close friends, a very nervous person, depressed at times who would say he just wanted to be alone. She also recalled how "...at times he having anything to do with (the boy's) dis-would stare, would be in his own little world, appearance..." Later that year (8/72), before the seemed deeper than day dreaming, took three or remains of the boy were found, a psychiatric four minutes to snap out of it..." She social service evaluation, requested by the remembered his mood changes. "...He'd just get probation department diagnosed him as angry on the spur of the moment ...he'd fly into "dissocial behavior" and reported that he was a rage if you said anything to him...he felt that unreceptive to (mental health) services. Two nobody really cares about him. (He) couldn't weeks later (9/72) he was charged with the please his mother and never really knew his rape/murder of an 8-year old girl and father...always wondered if his father was his subsequently convicted in the deaths of both of real father...felt he didn't look like the rest of the children. These crimes occurred while he the family..." to which his former wife added" was still on probation for the previous burglary "I wondered because I didn't think he did and arson. Psychiatric examinations reported either." him to have "...borderline level of His third wife, whom he married just weeks intelligence...with defective moral and social before the murder of a 10-year old boy, adjustment... an emotionally disturbed described him as "...easily angered, had ex-individual." tremely quiet moods, would not talk for hours." He was sentenced to a 0-25 year sentence for He never hit her. these two manslaughter convictions. While in His parents, sisters, and brother, who by now prison, various psychiatric assessments had not seen him in 20 years, thought of him as diagnosed him as anti-social personality, a "story teller", but had little else to say about schizoid personality, intermittent explosive him. personality, and no mental illness. Psychological assessments called him a "...normal Legal History psychopathic individual..." whose fantasy life Six months after quitting the ninth grade and reflected "...deep seated intrapsychic and four months after being injured by a sledge interpersonal conflicts..." Self revelations about hammer, he burglarized a store for which he a childhood sexual relationship with a younger was adjudicated a youthful offender and placed sister were sometimes reported as fantasy and on 18 months probation. Two years later, other times as a real occurrence. shortly after that probation ended, he Although there were documented episodes of committed another burglary. A psychiatric violence in prison, where in one instance he set report (12/65) said he had a "low normal fire to possessions in his cell, by and large, he intelligence" and diagnosed him as an was regarded as a model prisoner and a role "emotionally unstable personality." model for other prisoners. For a while, he In 1969, having in the interim divorced his first attended an inmate Vietnam post traumatic stress wife, remarried and served in the Army, group, at his request, "...(for) help in including 13 months in Vietnam, he burglarized understanding the motivation of his crimes (the a gas station and committed three arsons, child murders) and in effectively dealing with resulting in losses amounting to $292,000, his anger..." reportedly because he needed money and was In 4/87, he was released from prison under experiencing marital conflict. While in prison conditions of close parole supervision and for those offenses, a psychiatric report described mandated mental health treatment. The serial him as a "schizoid arsonist" and said that homicides began ten months later. All the "...latent projected homicidal intent in at least victims were killed in different locations and two of his arsons should not be underestimated." bodies hidden or concealed. The interval Five months later (10/ 71) he was paroled to live between when the victims were last seen alive to with his parents who were said "(to be) anxious when their bodies were found ranged from two to help him in whatever way possible." days to two months. While all of the murders Six months later (4/72), he remarried for the occurred within an 18 months period of time, the third time and two weeks later (5/72) became a last eight victims were killed in the final four suspect in the disappearance of a 10-year old months and the last two victims may have been boy. He "...vehemently denied killed in the same night.

Medical History

The medical history is a chronology of serious accidents, vague physical complaints, and diagnosed emotional disturbance dating back to early life. At age nine years, he had an episode of "leg paralysis" for which he was hospitalized one week. The cause of this illness remains obscure, perhaps as suggested an hysterical conversion reaction or as also suggested, an attention seeking endeavor. At age 16, he sustained a right skull fracture and cerebral concussion during a discus throwing accident. At age 20, he sustained another cerebral concussion when accidentally struck on the left side of his head with a sledge hammer. In that same year, he was involved in an automobile accident, again reportedly causing a cerebral concussion. The following year, he fell from a ladder while employed on a construction job. While in prison, he received medical attention for complaints of "...passing out..." Various entries in his medical record referred to episodes of "...syncope...passed out...chest pain and passed out...found on floor ...fainting...dizzy, fell down stairwell..." Medical records also referred to complaints of abdominal pains, emotional instability, headaches, and sudden episodes of violence. He receives a 10% disability for numbness in his left hand, said to be related to injury occurring while in Vietnam.

Mental State

Examination revealed a large white male, 6 feet tall, weighing approximately 250 pounds with prematurely grey hair, looking much older than his (then) stated age of 45 years. Despite this, he had the appearance of a physically strong man, accentuated by well developed sloping shoulders and muscular arms. He always walked slowly, spoke in quiet tones, and while outwardly friendly and cooperative, maintained a vigilance about himself as other inmates had reportedly threatened to "get" him. He had no hesitation in admitting to all the homicides, understood the charges against him, and had already correctly calculated the likely penalty if found guilty. His replies to questions were often lengthy and overly detailed and his revelations about himself very incriminating and self-defeating. The dominant themes as revealed by him were his preoccupation about his sexual inadequacy, i.e., high libido and low potency, accounts about his personal involvement in Vietnam atrocities, his nearly life-long love and hatred for his mother (whom he perceived as dominating and controlling his father) and his sexual attraction to one of his younger sisters.

He attributed the serial homicides to an "...uncontrollable rage...it wasn't everyone, just certain ones (who) were more aggressive...the first one, she bit me...some tried to rob me...some belittled me...some didn't care...one threatened to tell my wife (about his infidelities)." However, he also believed that two of the victims suspected he was the serial killer. He felt that all the victims "...basically looked alike..." reminding him of his mother, but sometimes also of the younger sister to whom he had always been attracted.

When comparing himself to his siblings and parents, he said he always "...felt different...felt like a stranger in my family...I was different from my sisters and brother...I ain't like the kids (his siblings)...I didn't act like the rest of the kids...I kept after my mother, are you sure I wasn't a doorstep baby..."

The suspicion that he was illegitimate was reinforced by the knowledge that he had a paternal half brother in Australia, an event that occurred during Word War II when his father was serving with the U. S. Marines in the Pacific. While in Australia, his father did meet a woman who later confirmed the birth of a son in 1944. He always associated his mother's control and domination of his father with her discovery of this other woman. He felt ashamed at what he perceived as his father's failure to stand up to his mother and, at one point, said: "I always made the statement that I would never let a woman do that to me."

At times he seemed animated and outgoing; at other times, agitated and depressed. He spoke of blackouts since the time he sustained a skull fracture in a discus throw in high school, of fainting spells, headaches, low sexual potency but strong desire, nervousness, chest pains, and mood changes in which he felt he could not control himself.

"I don't know. I can be as calm and nice as can be and all of a sudden something will tick me off and I get angry and somebody will say something and I get more angry and lose control and strike out...when this other part takes over, it takes control until everything's done and I just calm down. Then I see what happened, there's nothing I can do about it."

He also spoke of having "...strange feelings..." at times. "I don't know...sometimes I fly off the handle and two minutes later I'm back to normal but there were some days that I would be, you know, wouldn't be feeling right...I just get a funny feeling inside...like I can feel a change inside me...I knew I was getting agitated...I knew that something was coming over me that I couldn't control...physically I would get stronger...I just felt like I got bigger...it could happen all of a sudden for no apparent reason...just feel differently...just weird feelings..."

Other aspects of his life, especially his tour of duty in Vietnam (1968-1969) which he depicted as a combat experience with numerous killings and atrocities including cannibalism, could not be corroborated and were interpreted as a reflection of a violent fantasy life.

There was no evidence of delusions, hallucinations, confusion, altered states, clinically documented seizure disorder or post traumatic stress. In terms of cognitive ability, he was not so impaired as not to know the nature and consequences of his actions and that what he did was wrong. However, his hair-trigger temper and loss of control when provoked or under stress in certain situations seemed ominous and clearly dangerous to others.

Psychological Testing

Psychological testing assessed intellectual, personality and diagnostic issues. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale reported a Verbal I.Q. of 88, a Performance I.Q. of 107, and Full Scale I.Q. of 95. A Performance I.Q. significantly above the Verbal I.Q. indicated acting out tendencies, learning disability and likely organic impairment. These tests demonstrated difficulty in processing verbal instructions, verbal information, and with abstract thinking.

During the testing, an instance of his hair-trigger temper and poor tolerance for frustration occurred when he had difficulty with one of the subtests (Block Design). The report stated, "He made an angry sweeping gesture across the work surface indicating he would like to...'wipe it all away'...'just blow it away'...his anger grew rapidly and he appeared to lack the verbal skills to explain his feelings...his anger was reduced to physical activity and gesturing...the rapid development of this sequence of behaviors when faced with frustration, perhaps, offers a model for his behavior in other frustrating and angry circumstances." It indicated that he "...can only express his anger through physical acting out..."

The psychological personality assessment described an individual with "...episodic acting out..." and a "truly amazing failure to look at what (he is) doing..." The MMPI suggested the defense mechanism of denial, with hypochondriasis, hysteria and depression scales two standard deviations from mean while the psychopathic deviate scale was three standard deviations from mean. His paranoia and schizophrenia scale revealed an "...alienation from the main stream...", but there was no evidence of a schizophrenic process. The MMPI indicated that he was "...among the most hostile, dangerous and alienated individuals in the community in general...who believes he is plotted against, sometimes feels as though he must injure himself or others, and feels as if things (are) not real..." The Rorschach protocol elicited the response of "a leaf to card four which represents authority and father figures. He saw nothing on card seven, which presumably elicits feelings about mother and maternal figures. Themes regarding sexuality and "evil women" were also noted as well as an observation made many years earlier when he was still a child of seven years. The report said: "...It appears that he harbors strong resentment against his mother..." while at the same time, having "...genuine affection and esteem for her..." Issues associated with health revealed concerns about being overweight, pressure and pain in his head, frequent headaches, faint feelings, dizziness, forgetting things, day dreaming and losing his temper. The primary diagnosis on psychological testing was anti-social personality disorder.

Laboratory Investigations

Chromosome analysis by SmithKline Beecham Clinical Lab., Van Nuys, California, from a blood sample revealed a 47,XYY karyotype, confirmed by Q banding.

Examination for urinary pyrroles, (krypto-pyrroles: normal range 0-20 micrograms percent) as recommended by the Carl Pfeiffer Treatment Center, Wheaton, Illinois, and tested on four separate occasions by three different laboratories (Norsom Medical Laboratory, Harwood Heights, Illinois; Princeton Bio Center, Skillman, New Jersey; and Monroe Medical Research Laboratory, Southfields, New York) were all elevated. The initial level obtained 7/6/90 was 200.66 micrograms percent. Subsequent determinations on 8/17/90 were 87.2 micrograms percent and 25.37 micrograms percent. The last determination on 1/10/91 was 122 micrograms percent.

Neurological examination was within normal limits. Standard EEG and EEG with nasopharyngeal leads were normal.

C.T. Scan brain reported a slight enlargement left lateral ventricle (considered as perhaps a normal variant), slight atrophy right temporal lobe with absence of the inferior tip right temporal lobe and "...bilateral scars in frontal white matter, more prominent (in) left hemisphere than right..."

M.R.I.. brain revealed an old healed right frontal skull fracture, small subarachnoid cyst right middle cranial fossa (without significant effect on adjacent brain), and further confirmation of the C.T. finding of bifrontal scarring, thought most likely due to head trauma.

SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) revealed reduced cerebral perfusion left parietal lobe (an area of the brain which did not uptake or metabolize iodinated amphetamine; a non-functioning area of the brain: Alan M. Burke, M.D., October, 1990, personal communication).

CEEG reported an abnormal brain mapping with "...paroxysmal irritative patterns bifrontotemporal areas, more in the right side..."

Total testosterone was 288 NG/DL (3001000).

Discussion

Genetic Findings

The 47,XYY chromosome constitution is a condition where psychiatric diagnoses such as anti-social, schizoid, emotionally unstable and intermittent explosive personality disorders are frequently made. While there are no distinguishing physical abnormalities which characterize this sex chromosome disorder, approximately 80% of XYY males are significantly taller than normal (6 ft. and over) as compared with XY controls (Nielsen et al, Herstedvester, 1969). This genetic disorder has an estimated prevalence rate of approximately 1 per 1,000 males in the general population and is considered one of the commonest sex chromosome abnormalities found in men (Connor & Ferguson-Smith, 1987). 47,XYY males have an increased risk for behavioral problems as compared to 46,XY males (Thompson & Thompson, 1991), and are at "...some special risk for developing antisocial behavior (Behavioral Genetics, 1982)."

The first report of "...a probable XYY male..." by Sandberg, et al in 1961, was an accidental discovery in a 44-year old man who was suspected of transmitting a hereditary tendency to non-disjunction after his first wife gave birth to a daughter with Turner's mosiac and his second wife to a daughter with Down's syndrome (Moody, 1967, and Hauschka et al, 1962). While there was no reason to suspect a correlation between this genetic abnormality and behavior, other investigators, such as Court Brown (1962) had observed a high frequency of institutionalized males with a related chromosome disorder (Klinefelter's syndrome) who had histories of anti-social behavior. As a result of this observation, Court Brown suggested that "...an abnormal sex chromosome complement may predispose an individual, perhaps in a suitable environment towards delinquency..." The following year, Forsmann and Hambert found a 2% incidence of sex chromatin positive (possessing more than 46 chromosomes) males in a hospitalized population described as "...criminal and hard to manage..." which further supported the likely association between chromosome abnormalities and anti-social behavior.

In 1965, a comparison of data from four surveys which included "...ordinary..." youth who were "..mentally backward..." (Maclean et al, 1962), newborns (Maclean et al, 1964), and patients at the Rampton and Moss Side British State Hospitals (Casey et al, published in 1966), revealed a low incidence of 48,XXYY males among the "ordinary" and newborn population and a high incidence of 48,XXYY among males institutionalized in the state hospitals because of anti-social behavior. This data suggested that individuals with an extra Y chromosome might be predisposed to anti-social behavior. In a study designed to test this hypothesis, Jacobs et al (1965) initiated the first chromosome survey for XYY males among an institutionalized population described as "...dangerous, violent and criminal..." This study demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of men with an extra Y chromosome (3.5%) in this population than might be expected at birth supporting a possible association between the XYY chromosome complement and anti-social behaviors.

Subsequent studies by Casey et al (1966), Price and Whatmore (1967), and Court Brown et al (1968) confirmed the findings by Jacobs et al (1965) and concluded that the extra Y chromosome is associated with anti-social behavior which can begin at a very young age and predispose its carriers to some increased risk for developing a psychopathic personality.

In a series of related studies, the histories of XYY patients indicated they might be at a "...comparatively high risk for committing arson, sexual criminality, and a high frequency of violence (Nielsen et al, Herstedvester, Denmark, 1969; Nielsen et al, Horsens, Denmark, 1969; and Nielsen, 1970). According to Price and Jacobs (1970), an increased incidence of XYY males in mental and penal institutions indicated that "...the behavior disorders in these men which may e x i s t in the absence of mental deficiency...correlate with a personality disorder...a finding of particular interest as it points to the existence of a constitutional

psychopathic state..."

The significance of these reports was challenged by other investigators who cautioned that no direct cause-effect connection between the XYY chromosome complement and aggressive criminality had been proven (Pitcher, 1971) and that the original findings of Jacobs et al (1965) could simply be "...an improbable event..." (Owens, 1972).

However, after an extensive review of the literature, Hook (1973) concluded that, "...there is a clear association of the XYY genotype with deviance (or deviant antisocial behavior)..." which he defined as "...behavior which leads to or increases the likelihood of placement in a mentalpenal or penal setting..." Such a judgement was based on the disproportionately high frequency of XYY men found in security settings compared to their incidence in the newborn and adult populations.

While such an outcome is not inevitable in 47,XYY males, an editorial in Lancet (1974) cited chromosome studies in England, Europe, Australia, and the United States, which revealed a 2% incidence of XYY males in maximum security settings, a twenty-fold increase over their 0.1% prevalence rate in the general population and estimated that the "...risk of an XYY male being admitted to one of these hospitals during his lifetime is in the order of 1%. This compares with a risk of about 0.1% for XY males..."

Biochemical Findings

The discovery of an association between abnormally elevated levels of urinary kryptopyrrole and psychiatric disturbance, a condition later called pyroluria, occurred in 1957 when Dr. A. N. Payza observed an unknown purplish spot on the paper chromatographic study of urine from both volunteers experiencing an LSD model psychosis and psychiatric patients not receiving LSD. In 1958,

D. G. Irvine named this unknown substance the "mauve factor" because of its Ehrlich reaction and subsequently reported that this abnormal substance was present in 30-60% of psychotic patients but not specifically schizophrenic (Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 1973; Irvine, 1969).

Studies by other investigators, among them O'Reilly et al (1965) found "...a high correlation..." between the presence of the mauve factor in psychiatric patients and "...thought changes..." defined as paranoid thinking, blocking, delusions, flight of ideas, tangential thinking, clang associations, constricted thought, disordered thought, bizarre associations, and confusion. However, the diagnostic categories associated with this finding included not only schizophrenia but behavior disorders, depression, organic syndromes, neuroses, hysteria, and mental deficiency.

In a following report, O'Reilly et al (1965 b) said that the incidence of mauve positive individuals was "...much higher in emotionally disturbed children and adults than in the general population..." The question raised was whether the mauve factor was a reaction to stress in certain groups of individuals.

After several years of further research, the mauve factor was structurally identified as a pyrrole derivative (kryptopyrrole) whose chemical moiety was present in other chemicals known to be toxic to brain function, such as the porphyrins, LSD and the psychotomimetic tryptamines (Irvine, 1969).

reference to the arsons) that "...latent projected homicidal intent (in the commission of those crimes) should not be underestimated..."

The 47,XYY chromosome constitution, referred to as a "...high risk genotype..." (Jacobs, 1975) is associated with a vulnerability to develop aggressive anti-social behavior including violence and murder in a small proportion of susceptible individuals. The presence of abnormally elevated urinary pyrroles further correlates with episodes of rage and violence (McCabe). A damaged brain "...like a flawed computer..." (Elliott) impairs not only judgement but can, in certain situations, disinhibit the normal restraints that otherwise regulate and control behavior. Being "different" can lead to alienation and seriously distorted perceptions of relationships, especially in early life. Such a matrix of findings in one individual can reasonable be expected to result in behavioral disturbance. While biological influences do not control behavior or predetermine outcomes, this case demonstrates that criminal tendencies do have biological origins.

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