For the purposes of this paper reference to ascorbic acid or vitamin C refers to sodium ascorbate. All in vitro studies described herein used sodium ascorbate. All intravenous vitamin C references herein refer to the use of vitamin Cfbr injection produced by Steris Laboratories, or American Regent, laboratories; both are ascorbic acid buffered to a pH range of 5.5 to 7.0 by sodium hydroxide and/or sodium bicarbonate.