The biochemical complexity of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has led us towards an in depth exploration of its systemic presentation from a cellular perspective. Previous examination of patients with ASD have revealed immune insult with an autoimmune presentation."23 Through the ¦ efforts of Wakefield24 at the Royal Free ' Hospital in London, gut biopsy and ongoing clinical trials have also suggested viral involvement of ASD with positive staining for measles in lymphoid follicles from measles vaccination. Wakefield has hypothesized that there may be a viral interaction i between measles vaccination and exposure to chicken pox that initiates the immune , derangement in ASD. Protocols for treatment ofGI disturbance were limiled until Borody 25 applied the work of Tvede and Rask-Madsen2" with the oral application of bacterial strains such as non-toxigenic ' avirulent strain of Clostridium Difficile (six- teen strains of bacteria i n ail were utilized) with cessation of major symptoms in five children (to date) with autism.

Renowned microbiologist Dr. Sidney Feingold has identified at least 12 genus of anaerobic bacterial species missing in four autistic children (hundreds of culture plates were run for this determination) in contrast to controls (forthcoming publication) after a lay facilitator, Ellen Bolte, " proposed the connection between tetanus vaccination (clostridium tetani) and autism. " the hypothesis forming in regard to autism and clostridium is that neurotoxins are being formed through the immune/gut, CNS axis creating the stereotypic behavior (actually hallucinogenic in nature) exhibited in autistic spectrum disorder.