Cranial electrical stimulation has a long history. The use of electricity in therapeutic disorders dates back in scientific history to Mesmer, who tried to use magnetism for a variety of medical problems. Alien Child, M.D., Assistant Professor of Pharmacy at the University of Texas at Austin, suggests that electrical therapies actually date back to ancient Egypt. Currently acceptable electrical therapies include the TENS or Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation device, which is an acceptable treatment for pain, and variations on the TENS (FES or fine electrical stimulators) which are used for treating some stroke patients. Electrical currents have been experimented with for hard-to-heal bone fractures. There are also now brain or cranial TENS devices (CES) which seem to impact brain chemistry in many significant ways. Cranial electrical stimulation (CES) devices are thought to raise alpha waves, raise blood levels of endorphins and increase conversion of amino acids into the brain's neurotransmittrers.